混入 (Mixins)

除了傳統的面向物件層級結構之外，透過組合簡單的部分類（partial classes）來構建可重用的元件也是一種流行的方法。你可能熟悉 Scala 等語言中的 Mixins（混入）或 Traits（特徵）概念，這種模式在 JavaScript 社群中也頗受歡迎。

Mixins 是如何工作的？

這種模式依賴於將泛型與類繼承結合使用來擴充套件基類。TypeScript 對 Mixins 最好的支援是透過類表示式（class expression）模式實現的。你可以在這裡閱讀更多關於此模式在 JavaScript 中如何工作的內容。

首先，我們需要一個將被應用 Mixins 的基礎類。

ts
class Sprite {
  name = "";
  x = 0;
  y = 0;
 
  constructor(name: string) {
    this.name = name;
  }
}Try

然後，你需要一個型別和一個工廠函式，該函式返回一個擴充套件了基類的類表示式。

ts
// To get started, we need a type which we'll use to extend
// other classes from. The main responsibility is to declare
// that the type being passed in is a class.
 
type Constructor = new (...args: any[]) => {};
 
// This mixin adds a scale property, with getters and setters
// for changing it with an encapsulated private property:
 
function Scale<TBase extends Constructor>(Base: TBase) {
  return class Scaling extends Base {
    // Mixins may not declare private/protected properties
    // however, you can use ES2020 private fields
    _scale = 1;
 
    setScale(scale: number) {
      this._scale = scale;
    }
 
    get scale(): number {
      return this._scale;
    }
  };
}Try

準備好這些之後，你就可以建立一個類，它代表了應用了 Mixins 的基類。

ts
// Compose a new class from the Sprite class,
// with the Mixin Scale applier:
const EightBitSprite = Scale(Sprite);
 
const flappySprite = new EightBitSprite("Bird");
flappySprite.setScale(0.8);
console.log(flappySprite.scale);Try

受約束的 Mixins (Constrained Mixins)

在上面的形式中，Mixin 對底層類沒有任何預知，這可能使建立你想要的設計變得困難。

為了對此進行建模，我們修改原始建構函式型別，使其接受一個泛型引數。

ts
// This was our previous constructor:
type Constructor = new (...args: any[]) => {};
// Now we use a generic version which can apply a constraint on
// the class which this mixin is applied to
type GConstructor<T = {}> = new (...args: any[]) => T;Try

這允許建立僅適用於受約束基類的類。

ts
type Positionable = GConstructor<{ setPos: (x: number, y: number) => void }>;
type Spritable = GConstructor<Sprite>;
type Loggable = GConstructor<{ print: () => void }>;Try

然後，你可以建立僅在擁有特定構建基類時才生效的 Mixins。

ts
function Jumpable<TBase extends Positionable>(Base: TBase) {
  return class Jumpable extends Base {
    jump() {
      // This mixin will only work if it is passed a base
      // class which has setPos defined because of the
      // Positionable constraint.
      this.setPos(0, 20);
    }
  };
}Try

替代模式

該文件的早期版本推薦了一種編寫 Mixins 的方式：分別建立執行時和型別層級，最後再將它們合併。

ts
// Each mixin is a traditional ES class
class Jumpable {
  jump() {}
}
 
class Duckable {
  duck() {}
}
 
// Including the base
class Sprite {
  x = 0;
  y = 0;
}
 
// Then you create an interface which merges
// the expected mixins with the same name as your base
interface Sprite extends Jumpable, Duckable {}
// Apply the mixins into the base class via
// the JS at runtime
applyMixins(Sprite, [Jumpable, Duckable]);
 
let player = new Sprite();
player.jump();
console.log(player.x, player.y);
 
// This can live anywhere in your codebase:
function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, constructors: any[]) {
  constructors.forEach((baseCtor) => {
    Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach((name) => {
      Object.defineProperty(
        derivedCtor.prototype,
        name,
        Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(baseCtor.prototype, name) ||
          Object.create(null)
      );
    });
  });
}Try

這種模式對編譯器的依賴較少，而更多地依賴於你的程式碼庫來確保執行時和型別系統保持同步。

限制

Mixin 模式透過程式碼流分析在 TypeScript 編譯器中得到原生支援。在極少數情況下，你可能會遇到原生支援的邊緣情況。

裝飾器與 Mixins #4881

你不能使用裝飾器透過程式碼流分析來提供 Mixins。

ts
// A decorator function which replicates the mixin pattern:
const Pausable = (target: typeof Player) => {
  return class Pausable extends target {
    shouldFreeze = false;
  };
};
 
@Pausable
class Player {
  x = 0;
  y = 0;
}
 
// The Player class does not have the decorator's type merged:
const player = new Player();
player.shouldFreeze;
Property 'shouldFreeze' does not exist on type 'Player'.2339Property 'shouldFreeze' does not exist on type 'Player'.
 
// The runtime aspect could be manually replicated via
// type composition or interface merging.
type FreezablePlayer = Player & { shouldFreeze: boolean };
 
const playerTwo = (new Player() as unknown) as FreezablePlayer;
playerTwo.shouldFreeze;Try

靜態屬性 Mixins #17829

這與其說是一個限制，不如說是一個“陷阱”。類表示式模式建立的是單例，因此它們無法在型別系統中進行對映以支援不同的變數型別。

你可以透過使用函式來返回基於泛型而不同的類來繞過這個問題。

ts
function base<T>() {
  class Base {
    static prop: T;
  }
  return Base;
}
 
function derived<T>() {
  class Derived extends base<T>() {
    static anotherProp: T;
  }
  return Derived;
}
 
class Spec extends derived<string>() {}
 
Spec.prop; // string
Spec.anotherProp; // stringTry